Tomb of Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam at Multan
Published on by Rashid Minhas
Average Read time: 9 minutes 11 seconds
Introduction to Shah Rukn-e-Alam
Life and Teachings
Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam, a revered Sufi saint from the Suhrawardi order, holds a deeply spiritual and historical place in the hearts of millions, especially in South Asia. Born in the 13th century, he was the grandson and spiritual successor of the renowned Sufi saint Bahauddin Zakariya. Shah Rukn-e-Alam dedicated his life to the propagation of Islam, promoting peace, compassion, and divine love. His teachings emphasized spiritual enlightenment, renunciation of materialism, and the unity of all beings under one Creator.
Role in Sufism and Multan's Heritage
Multan, known as the "City of Saints," owes much of its spiritual character to saints like Shah Rukn-e-Alam. His presence elevated the city's status as a center for Sufi scholarship, mysticism, and devotion. His influence remains potent today, as countless disciples and seekers visit the city, especially his tomb, to pay homage and find spiritual solace.
Historical Background of the Tomb
Timeline of Construction
The magnificent tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam was constructed between 1320 and 1324 AD. Interestingly, it was initially commissioned by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, as a mausoleum for himself. However, recognizing Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s towering spiritual stature, the tomb was gifted to the saint’s family to serve as his final resting place after his death in 1335.
Patronage by Tughlaq Dynasty
The tomb’s construction during the early Tughlaq period is a reflection of the dynasty’s patronage of Islamic architecture and reverence for Sufi saints. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, himself known for his architectural innovations, played a significant role in embedding Indo-Islamic styles within the subcontinent’s architectural heritage.
Location and Significance of Multan
Multan as the City of Saints
Multan’s spiritual ambiance is unparalleled in the Islamic world. The city has been home to numerous saints and scholars for centuries. Positioned at a strategic junction of trade and culture, Multan attracted mystics and theologians from across Central Asia and Persia, becoming a spiritual nucleus of South Asia.
Importance in Islamic History
The city played a vital role during the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. With shrines like that of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, it became not just a religious but also an educational and cultural hub, influencing generations through its Islamic schools, poetry, and spiritual gatherings.
Architectural Brilliance of the Tomb
Dome and Octagonal Design
One of the most striking features of the tomb is its massive dome, considered one of the largest in the world for a pre-Mughal structure. The tomb follows an octagonal plan, rising to a height of 100 feet. Its symmetry, solidity, and grace stand as a testament to early Indo-Islamic architecture.
Decorative Tiles and Calligraphy
The exterior of the tomb is adorned with stunning blue and white glazed tiles, a hallmark of Multani craftsmanship. Intricate geometric patterns and Kufic inscriptions beautifully combine aesthetic appeal with spiritual messages. The entrance is marked with Quranic verses, inviting reflection and reverence.
Spiritual Importance of the Shrine
Pilgrimage Site
The tomb of Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam attracts millions of devotees and tourists each year. As a sacred site, it is a place for prayers, spiritual healing, and the fulfillment of wishes. Many believe that their prayers are answered when offered sincerely at this shrine.
Annual Urs Celebrations
Every year, a grand Urs (death anniversary) is celebrated with fervor and devotion. The event includes spiritual gatherings, qawwali performances, and communal feasts. It serves not only as a tribute to the saint but also as a reflection of the enduring legacy of Sufism.
Connection to Tughlaq Architecture
Innovations Introduced
The tomb is a prime example of early Tughlaq architectural features — robust construction, tapering walls, and a distinctive dome. It laid the foundation for later Mughal architectural marvels and introduced elements such as the double dome and pointed arches into the subcontinental style.
Legacy of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Though Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq is more famously associated with the Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi, his gift of this tomb to Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s family shows his alignment with Sufi values. The tomb stands as one of the earliest examples of royal patronage toward spiritual figures.
Restoration and Preservation Efforts
Role of Government and UNESCO
Over the years, the tomb has witnessed extensive restoration projects to maintain its grandeur and structural integrity. The Department of Archaeology, Pakistan, along with international organizations like UNESCO, has taken serious initiatives to preserve the tomb. It was included in UNESCO’s tentative list for World Heritage Sites, highlighting its historical and architectural significance.
Restoration efforts have focused on preserving the tile work, dome structure, and ancient calligraphy, ensuring that the tomb continues to stand tall for future generations to admire and study.
Conservation Challenges
Despite these efforts, the tomb faces challenges like environmental degradation, urban encroachment, and the effects of time. Air pollution and humidity threaten the delicate tilework, while increased foot traffic from pilgrims and tourists poses wear-and-tear risks. Sustainable tourism practices and continuous monitoring are now being encouraged to address these issues.
Tomb's Influence on Subcontinental Architecture
Design Replications
The architectural style of Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s tomb has inspired numerous other shrines and mosques across Pakistan and India. Its octagonal base, brick masonry, and glazed tiles set a trend in South Asian Islamic architecture that was carried forward by both Mughal and regional dynasties.
Cultural Symbolism
This tomb is not just a resting place but a symbol of the spiritual legacy of Sufism in the subcontinent. Its aesthetic appeal combined with its sacred function makes it a cultural icon, depicted in art, literature, and local crafts.
Visitor Experience Today
Accessibility and Facilities
Located within the Qila Kohna Qasim Bagh in Multan, the tomb is accessible through well-connected roads. Visitors can enjoy guided tours, spiritual music sessions, and detailed insights into the life of the saint. Facilities such as parking areas, restrooms, and shops selling local handicrafts are available for tourists.
What to Expect During a Visit
A typical visit involves offering fatiha (prayers), exploring the architecture, and sometimes witnessing qawwali performances. During the Urs, the entire complex is adorned with lights and flowers, and the spiritual energy is palpable.
Famous Personalities Buried Nearby
Sufi Lineage
Several of Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s disciples and spiritual successors are buried in the surrounding areas. This cluster of tombs strengthens the site's spiritual energy and historical context, forming a sacred geography within Multan.
Historical Associations
Figures associated with the Tughlaq dynasty and local nobility from the 14th century also have burial sites nearby, underlining the tomb’s political and religious importance through the centuries.
The Role of the Tomb in Sufi Literature and Poetry
Devotional Poems and Qawwalis
Sufi poets have often referenced Shah Rukn-e-Alam in their works. His spiritual stature is celebrated in qawwalis that echo through the shrine during festivals and regular evenings. These performances highlight themes of divine love, unity, and spiritual surrender.
Symbol of Divine Love
For many, Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s tomb is not just a place of worship—it represents the soul's journey to the Divine. His teachings and resting place are a metaphor for reaching closeness to God, making it a subject of inspiration in countless literary works.
Impact on Local Culture and Economy
Handicrafts and Tourism
The influx of visitors has given rise to a thriving local economy. Artisans produce glazed tiles, calligraphy, and miniature models of the tomb, which are sold as souvenirs. Local food stalls and guide services also benefit from tourism.
Spiritual Economy
The spiritual economy revolves around the donations, offerings, and the services provided to pilgrims. From Sufi scholars conducting sermons to local musicians performing qawwalis, many livelihoods are intertwined with the tomb's continued significance.
Interesting Legends and Folklore
Miracles Attributed to Shah Rukn-e-Alam
Numerous stories are told of Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s miracles—like curing illnesses and calming natural calamities through prayer. These stories continue to be passed down orally and contribute to the saint’s revered status.
Local Oral Traditions
Local storytellers and custodians of the shrine share tales of his wisdom, humility, and miraculous deeds. These stories play a major role in preserving cultural heritage and keeping the saint’s legacy alive.
Comparative Analysis with Other Sufi Shrines
Similarities with Data Darbar and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
Like the shrines of Data Ganj Bakhsh in Lahore and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan, Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s tomb serves as a focal point for spiritual seekers. All three are famous for their Urs celebrations and attract diverse groups of devotees.
Unique Aspects of Rukn-e-Alam's Tomb
What sets this tomb apart is its architectural purity, the absence of modern alterations, and the influence it had on early Indo-Islamic architecture. It’s both a historical relic and a functioning spiritual sanctuary.
Media Representation and Global Recognition
Featured in Documentaries
The tomb has been showcased in various documentaries on Islamic heritage, Sufism, and South Asian history. It is often highlighted for its unique architectural style and its enduring spiritual role.
International Tourism and Studies
International tourists and scholars frequently visit to study its construction, calligraphy, and cultural influence. Its presence on UNESCO’s tentative list has only increased its global visibility.
FAQs About the Tomb of Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam at Multan
1. Where is the tomb of Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam located?
It is located inside the historical Qila Kohna Qasim Bagh in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
2. What is the architectural style of the tomb?
The tomb is an early example of Indo-Islamic architecture with a massive dome, octagonal design, and glazed tile decoration.
3. Who built the tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam?
It was originally constructed by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, but later gifted to Shah Rukn-e-Alam’s family for his burial.
4. What is celebrated during the Urs of Shah Rukn-e-Alam?
The Urs includes qawwali performances, communal feasts, prayers, and spiritual gatherings to commemorate the saint’s death anniversary.
5. Is the tomb open to tourists and non-Muslims?
Yes, the site is open to all visitors. Non-Muslims are welcome to explore the site respectfully.
6. Why is the tomb considered so important?
It’s a spiritual, architectural, and historical treasure—symbolizing the deep roots of Sufism in South Asia and showcasing early Islamic art.
The Tomb of Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam at Multan stands as a beacon of faith, unity, and artistic brilliance. It is not just a final resting place of a Sufi saint, but a living monument that continues to inspire millions. From its grand dome to the soft whispers of prayers within its walls, every element of the shrine echoes with the spirit of devotion. Whether you're a spiritual seeker, history buff, or architectural enthusiast, this tomb promises a deeply enriching experience.