Fort Kohna at Multan – The Ancient Heart of the City of Saints
Published on by Rashid Minhas
Average Read time: 8 minutes 37 seconds
Historical Origins of Fort Kohna
Early Settlements
Fort Kohna, also known as Qila Kohna, is one of the oldest surviving forts in the Indian subcontinent. Its foundation dates back over 2,500 years, originally constructed by Hindu rulers who recognized Multan's strategic and religious significance. Ancient records suggest the area was a vital trade route and a seat of power for early South Asian civilizations.
Fort During the Hindu Period
Before the Islamic conquest, the fort served as a stronghold for local Hindu Rajputs. It was closely associated with the Sun Temple of Multan, which was one of the most revered pilgrimage sites of the time. The fort provided protection to the city’s sacred places and its elite ruling class.
Islamic Conquest and Transformation
Muhammad bin Qasim’s Arrival
In 712 AD, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Multan, marking the beginning of Islamic rule in the region. One of his first actions was to secure Fort Kohna, recognizing its importance as a military and cultural hub. With this conquest, Multan became known as the "City of Gold" due to its immense wealth and spiritual richness.
Rebuilding Under Muslim Rule
The fort underwent several renovations and architectural enhancements under various Muslim dynasties, including the Ghaznavids, Delhi Sultanate, and later the Mughals. These changes introduced Islamic motifs, stronger fortifications, and new administrative buildings within the citadel.
Strategic Importance Through Centuries
Fort's Role in Defense and Trade
Fort Kohna’s elevated position overlooking the Ravi River and surrounding plains made it a perfect defense point. It played a central role in safeguarding Multan from external invasions and was pivotal in controlling the trade routes connecting Central Asia, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Key Battles and Invasions
Throughout history, the fort faced numerous sieges, including those by Mahmood of Ghazni, the Mongols, and the British colonial army. Each era left its mark on the fort's walls, turning it into a living chronicle of Multan’s military and political saga.
Architectural Features of Fort Kohna
Gates and Walls
The fort originally had six massive gates, of which Delhi Gate and Hariri Gate are most well-known. These gates were constructed with intricately carved bricks and adorned with geometric and floral motifs typical of Islamic architecture.
Citadel Layout and Inner Structures
The inner layout of Fort Kohna includes administrative chambers, living quarters, armories, water reservoirs, and secret passageways. The architecture blends robust military design with spiritual and cultural elegance, reflecting the diverse rulers who once held sway here.
Influence of Mughal and British Eras
Fort Under Mughal Rule
The Mughals invested heavily in fortifying the structure, adding landscaped gardens, marble pavilions, and tiled mosques. Emperor Akbar is believed to have visited the fort during his campaigns, recognizing Multan’s importance as a frontier stronghold.
Modifications by British Raj
When the British annexed Multan in the 19th century, they damaged parts of the fort during a violent siege. However, they also added barracks, stables, and watchtowers to suit their colonial military needs, some of which still stand today.
Iconic Landmarks Inside Fort Kohna
Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
One of the most renowned structures within the fort is the Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, a masterpiece of early Indo-Islamic architecture. The tomb's massive dome and vibrant tiles make it a spiritual and visual centerpiece of Fort Kohna.
Mosque and Barracks
The fort also houses a small mosque built during the Mughal period and colonial-era military barracks. These represent the layered history of conquest and adaptation within the fort walls.
Cultural and Religious Significance
Center of Sufi Activities
Fort Kohna has been more than just a military structure—it's a spiritual center. Over centuries, it became home to Sufi saints and scholars. The shrine of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, located inside the fort, transformed the fort into a sacred space, drawing mystics, poets, and pilgrims from all corners of South Asia.
Religious Harmony and Coexistence
The fort's layered history represents the harmonious coexistence of different religious traditions. It has seen Hindu temples, Islamic mosques, and Sufi shrines all sharing its space. This unique blend has helped Multan earn its title as a “City of Saints.”
Folklore and Mysteries Associated with the Fort
Hidden Tunnels and Secret Chambers
Local legends speak of secret tunnels that run beneath the fort, once used by kings to escape during sieges or to connect with the city’s outskirts. Many believe some of these tunnels still exist, though they remain unexplored due to safety concerns.
Legends of Treasure and Spirits
Stories also abound about hidden treasures buried under the fort and hauntings of past warriors and rulers. These tales are often told by local guides and add a mysterious charm to the fort's already rich heritage.
Fort Kohna in Modern Times
Role as Tourist Destination
Today, Fort Kohna is one of Multan’s top tourist attractions, visited by locals and international travelers alike. It’s a serene place for walking, photography, and cultural exploration. The panoramic view of the city from the fort’s ramparts is a favorite spot for visitors.
Impact on Local Economy
The tourism surrounding Fort Kohna has generated a sustainable local economy. From souvenir shops and food vendors to heritage guides and artisans, the fort supports numerous livelihoods and keeps local traditions alive.
Conservation and Restoration Efforts
Government Initiatives
The Government of Punjab has initiated several conservation projects to restore and maintain the structure of Fort Kohna. These include cleaning the walls, reinforcing damaged parts, and enhancing visitor infrastructure.
UNESCO and Heritage Protection
Though not yet a World Heritage Site, Fort Kohna is on Pakistan's tentative list for UNESCO nomination. Efforts are ongoing to meet the international standards of preservation and make it a globally recognized heritage site.
Festivals and Events at Fort Kohna
Urs of Saints
The Urs festival of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, held annually inside the fort, draws thousands of devotees. The event includes prayers, Sufi music, spiritual discourses, and traditional food, celebrating the saint’s life and teachings.
Cultural Exhibitions and Tours
From art exhibitions to historical reenactments, Fort Kohna regularly hosts events that showcase Multan’s rich culture. Educational institutions often organize field trips to the fort, integrating history lessons with immersive experiences.
Educational and Archaeological Importance
Research and Excavations
Archaeologists and historians continue to study the fort’s underground passages, ancient bricks, and inscriptions to uncover more about its past. The fort is seen as a potential treasure trove for South Asian history.
Learning Center for Students
Many local universities conduct research projects and heritage workshops at Fort Kohna, making it an academic resource. It also inspires young architects and historians to appreciate indigenous design and preservation.
Visitor Guide to Fort Kohna
Entry Points and Timing
Fort Kohna is easily accessible from central Multan and is typically open from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM. Entry is often free or at a nominal fee, especially for students and groups.
Best Time to Visit and Tour Tips
The best months to visit are October to March when the weather is mild. Early mornings and late afternoons offer the best lighting for photography. Hiring a local guide can greatly enhance the experience with historical anecdotes and hidden spots.
Comparison with Other Historical Forts in Pakistan
Rohtas, Lahore Fort, and Derawar Fort
While Rohtas Fort is known for its military robustness and Lahore Fort for its Mughal elegance, Fort Kohna stands out for its spiritual significance and ancient heritage. Derawar Fort, located in the Cholistan Desert, contrasts with Kohna in scale and geography.
Unique Traits of Fort Kohna
Unlike others, Fort Kohna is integrated with the living fabric of the city and hosts both religious and historical landmarks. Its continuous use and relevance make it a living monument, not just a relic.
Fort Kohna in Literature and Media
Featured Books and Documentaries
Several books and documentaries have featured Fort Kohna, including local publications and international heritage shows. These highlight its architectural evolution, spiritual stories, and influence on Multani identity.
Influence on Local Storytelling
Local poets, writers, and artists often depict Fort Kohna in their work as a symbol of resilience and spirituality. It remains a muse for storytellers and a key character in Multan’s cultural imagination.
FAQs About Fort Kohna at Multan
1. What is the historical origin of Fort Kohna?
It dates back over 2,500 years and was originally built by Hindu rulers before being transformed under Islamic rule.
2. Who conquered Fort Kohna during Islamic rule?
Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the fort in 712 AD, establishing Islamic governance in Multan.
3. What landmarks are located inside Fort Kohna?
The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, ancient mosques, and colonial-era barracks are located within the fort.
4. Are there guided tours available at Fort Kohna?
Yes, local guides and cultural organizations offer tours that explain the history, legends, and architecture of the fort.
5. Is Fort Kohna a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
Not yet, but it is on the tentative list and under consideration for nomination.
6. Is it safe and accessible for tourists?
Yes, it is open to the public and generally considered safe with available amenities for visitors.
Conclusion – A Fortress Etched in Time and Spirit
Fort Kohna at Multan is more than just stone walls and gates—it's a living narrative of the city's soul. From ancient rulers to Sufi saints, from colonial battles to modern-day celebrations, it has silently witnessed every chapter of Multan's rich history. Whether you're seeking history, architecture, or spiritual serenity, Fort Kohna is a treasure trove waiting to be explored.